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They are used in conditionals and loops, and as you see later in the book, in function and class definitions, among other things Conditionals A conditional statement either executes a block or not, depending on a condition (Boolean expression) Several conditionals can be strung together with if/elif/else Assertions An assertion simply asserts that something (a Boolean expression) is true, optionally with a string explaining why it has to be so If the expression happens to be false, the assertion brings your program to a halt (or actually raises an exception more on that in 8) It s better to find an error early than to let it sneak around your program until you don t know where it originated Loops You either can execute a block for each element in a sequence (such as a range of numbers) or continue executing it while a condition is true.

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non-word characters to discriminate words from non-words. Therefore, in We re, both the W and the R get capitalized. You need to tweak your code:

If you make sure the character before the letter to capitalize is whitespace, you re guaranteed to be in a true, new word. Re-run the tests:

You re back to square one. One thing you failed to take into account is that looking for whitespace before a word doesn t allow the first word of each string to be capitalized, because those strings start with a letter, and not whitespace. It sounds trivial, but it s a great demonstration of how complex simple functions can become, and why testing is so vital to eradicate bugs. However, the ultimate solution is simple:

visually interested As shown in Figure 1-13, at the bottom of each slide, a navigation bar displayed the major sections of the presentation to keep the story theme and structure continuously present in the jurors minds You ll see how to create a similar navigation bar in 8 Conventional PowerPoint slides can overwhelm audiences with too much information on the screen, but Mark s presentation contained only one idea per slide, giving jurors time to digest each point as they listened to Mark s verbal explanation Instead of reading bullet points from the screen, Mark used his slides as visual cues to prompt him on the next point he would make, allowing him to speak with a natural and spontaneous style that came from the depth of his knowledge and authority on his topic.

To skip the rest of the block and continue with the next iteration, use the continue statement; to break out of the loop, use the break statement Optionally, you may add an else clause at the end of the loop, which will be executed if you didn t execute any break statements inside the loop List comprehension These aren t really statements they are expressions that look a lot like loops, which is why I grouped them with the looping statements Through list comprehension, you can build new lists from old ones, applying functions to the elements, filtering out those you don t want, and so on The technique is quite powerful, but in many cases using plain loops and conditionals (which will always get the job done) may be more readable pass, del, exec, and eval.

If you run the tests again now, you ll notice they pass straight through. Success! This basic example provides a sharp demonstration of why testing is important. Small changes can lead to significant changes in functionality, but with a set of trusted tests in place, you can focus on solving problems rather than worrying if your existing code has bugs. Rather than writing code and waiting for bugs to appear, you can proactively determine what your code should do and then act as soon as the results don t match up with the expectations.

In the previous section you created some basic tests using raise, unless, and ==, and compared the results of a method call with the expected results. It s possible to test a lot in this way, but with more than a few tests, it soon becomes messy, as there s no logical place for the tests to go (and you certainly don t want to include tests with your actual, functional code).